*(Under review)*Using original survey data on subjective expectations, I examine how expected career and non-career returns shape migration choices among highly educated young adults from lagging regions in advanced economies. I document strong trade-offs between professional and personal life returns across three counterfactual migration scenarios. A life-cycle utility model shows that non-career factors drive migration choices and welfare, explaining why short-term migration is preferred over long-term migration. Removing short-term migration benefits shifts more short-term migrants to staying than to long-term migration, with responses varying by ability. Policy simulations show promoting short-term migration is three times more cost-effective for high-ability stayers than long-term migrants. A follow-up survey confirms that initial expectations strongly predict realized migration choices and outcomes.Presented at: SAEe (Valencia, December 2022), SOLE (Philadelphia, May 2023), BSE Summer Forum (Barcelona, June 2023), Workshop on Subjective Expectations (Bocconi-Milan, June 2023), Workshop on Migration and Family Economics (IESEG-Paris, June 2023), EEA-ESEM (Barcelona, August 2023), EALE (Prague, September 2023), WB-IDB HUMANS Seminar (Washington, March 2024), CUNEF Universidad (Madrid, April 2024), Jornadas de Economía Laboral (Barcelona, July 2024), CERGE-EI (Prague, December 2024)
*with Nagore Iriberri*. R&R at the International Economic ReviewWe study the evolution of gender gaps, both in terms of representation and research output, among cohorts of scholars in economics over the past 9 decades (1933-2019) using a sample of economists who have published at least once in any of the 36 high impact journals (Card et al., 2022). With respect to representation, there has been a clear increase of the female share among scholars, but we find evidence of both vertical segregation based on prominence and horizontal segregation based on research fields. With respect to gender gaps in output, women publish fewer articles than men, and more concerningly, the negative gender gap showed no sign of convergence since the 1940s, although there is substantial heterogeneity in the type of publication. The negative gender gap in publications is mostly explained by women having shorter active academic careers.